HEALTH FILE

WHAT IS PROTEIN DEFICIENCY AND HOW TO FIX IT

Protein plays a crucial role in maintaining a strong immune system and healthy skin, hair, and nails. Image credit: HIMANSHU CHOUDHARY on Unsplash.

By AAMINAH NAJMUS SAHAR

We have all heard of the importance of getting enough protein in our diets, but why exactly do we need protein? And how much protein do we need daily?

Protein is one of the most essential nutrients required for the proper functioning of the body. Protein is known as the fundamental building block of life.

It plays a crucial role in muscle growth, tissue repair, and the production of enzymes and hormones. It also helps in maintaining a strong immune system and maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. Despite its importance, protein deficiency is prevalent in many parts of the world today.

This may be in both underdeveloped or developing countries with famine, malnutrition, and lack of access to nutritious food, or in developed countries with individuals with restrictive diets, unhealthy diets, or eating disorders.

Understanding protein deficiency, identifying its signs, and taking steps proactively to prevent and manage it are essential in avoiding long-term health complications.

Protein deficiency occurs when the body does not get enough protein to meet its daily requirement. This can occur due to inadequate protein intake, poor absorption, and increased requirement, like in physically active individuals, older adults, pregnant women, and individuals dealing with an illness, etc.

It is very important to avoid protein deficiency in diabetic individuals who require adequate protein to stabilize blood sugar levels, promote wound healing, and maintain muscle mass.

Protein deficiency may lead to kwashiorkor or a severe form of malnutrition, whereas protein and calorie deficiency may lead to a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition or marasmus.

Mild and moderate protein deficiency is characterized by certain signs and symptoms.

• Muscle loss and weakness. Protein plays a key role in maintaining muscles, and a deficiency can lead to muscle loss and weakness.

• Fatigue and low energy. Protein helps in energy production, and a deficiency of protein may lead to low energy, fatigue, and brain fog.

• Poor hair, skin, and nails. Protein is crucial in maintaining healthy hair, skin, and nails. A deficiency leads to hair loss and hair thinning, brittle nails, and dry and flaky skin.

• Edema. Protein helps in maintaining fluid balance in the body, and protein deficiency may lead to edema (swelling) in the body, particularly in the feet, legs, and abdomen.

• Weak immune system. Protein is needed to maintain a healthy immune system; a deficiency may lead to a weakened immune system and frequent infections and illnesses.

• Hormonal imbalance. Many hormones in the body such as insulin, glucagon, hormones regulating hunger, growth, reproductive health, and others are protein-based. Protein deficiency causes a disruption and imbalance in the hormones.

• Delayed wound healing. Protein plays a key role in tissue repair, so protein deficiency causes delayed wound healing.

• Increased cravings and hunger. Protein deficiency can lead to increased appetite and cravings, especially for high-calorie food.

• Frequent mood swings. Protein deficiency limits the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine needed for happiness and calm, and this leads to irritability and mood swings.

• Poor growth in children. Protein is crucial for children in their developing years, and a deficiency may lead to poor physical and cognitive growth.

Managing protein deficiency primarily involves improving dietary intake and addressing underlying causes such as poor absorption, chronic illness, or eating disorders.

This includes:

• Increase protein intake. Adults generally require about 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. Protein requirement may be higher for pregnant women, athletes, older adults, or those recovering from illness. Adult women need about 45-60 grams of protein/day, and adult men need about 55-70 grams of protein/day. Incorporating protein into every meal can help in meeting the daily protein requirement.

• Balanced diet. Ensure that your meals include a mix of macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, to support overall health.

• Frequent meals. Eating smaller, protein-rich meals throughout the day can help improve intake, especially for individuals with poor appetite.

• Address the underlying conditions. Conditions like malabsorption syndromes, chronic illnesses, or eating disorders should be properly managed with medical guidance to prevent protein deficiency.

• Take supplements if needed. In some cases, protein supplements (such as whey or plant-based protein powders) may be recommended, particularly for those unable to meet their needs through diet alone.

• Nutrition counseling. Consulting a dietitian can help tailor a diet plan based on individual needs, preferences, and health conditions.

Incorporating a variety of protein-rich foods in the diet is key to preventing and managing deficiency.

Animal-based protein sources include:

Eggs. A complete protein source containing all essential amino acids.

Chicken and turkey. Lean meats that provide high-quality protein.

Fish. Salmon, tuna, and mackerel, also rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Dairy products. Milk, yogurt, and cheese are excellent protein sources and also provide calcium.

Plant-based protein sources include:

Legumes. Lentils, chickpeas, black beans, and kidney beans are rich in protein and fiber.

Soy products. Tofu, tempeh, and soy milk are complete protein sources suitable for vegetarians and vegans.

Nuts and seeds. Almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds provide protein along with healthy fats.

Whole grains. Quinoa, oats, and brown rice contribute moderate amounts of protein.

Peas and legumes. Green peas and split peas are affordable and nutritious protein options. Combining different plant-based proteins (such as rice and beans) can help ensure a complete amino acid profile.

Protein deficiency affects your overall health and also leads to long-term health complications.

It is an often-overlooked yet crucial aspect of maintaining your health. It is preventable and can be managed when recognized early.

Thus, it is essential to be mindful of your diet, making sure it contains adequate protein and is balanced. In addition, recognizing warning signs and taking steps to prevent protein deficiency is crucial in maintaining strength, immunity, and overall well-being.

• Please consult your family physician before following any of the suggested remedies/steps above.

Aaminah Najmus Sahar is a medical writer and reviewer with a Pharm.D. In her blog Medscetera, she posts about healthcare topics. She is passionate about helping people make informed health choices.